The universe is composed of space and time that also includes planets, stars, galaxies and all other forms of energy and matter. You will be shocked to know that it is possible to measure the observable Universe. Although the size of the entire Universe is still unknown.
Indian philosophers & ancient Greek developed the earliest scientific models of the Universe and placed Earth at the centre of the Universe. Nicolaus Copernicus developed the heliocentric model with the Sun at the centre of the solar system.
Improvements in observations results to the realisation that our Sun is one of hundreds of billions of stars in a galaxy (Milky Way). Galaxies are divided and distributed uniformly in all directions resulting with neither an edge nor a centre. But galaxies are also distributed in clusters & superclusters.
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Under the Big Bang theroy space administration time emerged together billions years ago. When they emerged the amount of matter and energy became less dense resulting the expansion of the Universe. Simple atoms formed when Universe cooled after the initial expansion. Everything which is seen today like clouds, etc also merged through gravity to form galaxies, stars.
Galaxies contain much more matter than we can see. This unseen matter is known as dark matter. The most widely accepted model of universe is the Lambda-CDM. The mass and energy in the universe is a scalar field which is about 69.2% also known as dark energy and about 25.8% is dark matter. Therefore matter is only 4.9% of the physical universe. Also, the Stars planet and gas clouds only for 6% of ordinary matter or about 0.3% of the entire universe.
When it comes to the ultimate fate of universe there are many competing hypotheses. If anything preceded the Big Bang, while other physicists and philosophers refuse to speculate. Some physicists have suggested various multiverse hypotheses, in which the Universe might be one among many universes that likewise exist.
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